https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2026.009
Published: Kem. Ind. 75 (11-12) (2026) 551–567
Paper reference number: KUI-09/2026
Paper type: Original scientific paper
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Experimental and Computational Modelling of Immune Response and Toxicological Assessment of Urban Nanoparticles in an Earthquake-Affected City

Y. Ermurat

Abstract

Urban nanoparticles (UNPs) generated in post-disaster environments represent complex and potentially hazardous components of urban pollution with significant implications for public health. This study investigates the physicochemical characteristics and potential biological implications of UNPs collected from the earthquake-affected city centre of Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, following the February 2023 seismic events. Dust samples were analysed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which revealed a heterogeneous particle population ranging from 50 to 500 nm, including a significant ultrafine fraction (< 100 nm) with irregular and agglomerated morphologies. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) identified dominant elements (O, C, Ca, Si) alongside transition metals such as Fe, Cr, and Cu, indicating mixed UNPs sources. Computational analyses highlighted notable compositional variability and inter-element relationships. Predictive modelling approaches were applied to assess potential nanotoxicological and immunological implications. Machine-learning models demonstrated that toxicity was influenced by particle size, elemental composition, and exposure duration, with chromium and copper emerging as key contributors to oxidative stress. Markov chain and Monte Carlo simulations further revealed dynamic particle behaviour, bioaccumulation potential, and associated uncertainties over time. Integration of structural, compositional, and computational findings provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the nanoparticle-associated risks. Comparative evaluation with in vivo or in vitro experimental studies suggests potential outcomes including oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune dysregulation. These findings underscore the importance of multidisciplinary approaches for assessing environmental health risks in post-earthquake urban environments.

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Keywords

urban nanoparticles, experimental and computational modelling, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immune responses, nanotoxicological effects